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Passivvoice
Verben haben zwei Formen: aktiv und passiv.
In Aktivsätzen drückt das Verb die Handlung im Satz aus, das Subjekt führt die Handlung aus, und das Objekt ist der Empfänger der Handlung. Aktivsätze folgen dem Muster: Subjekt-Verb-Objekt.
Jill kicked Jack.
In einem Passivsatz tauschen sich Subjekt und Objekt. Das Subjekt wird zum passiven Empfänger der Handlung.
Jack was kicked by Jill.
Form von Passivverben
Das Passiv erfordert ein 'Doppelverb' und besteht immer aus einer Form des Verbs 'to be' und dem Partizip Perfekt (normalerweise die 'en/ed/t'-Form) eines anderen Verbs. Beispiel: is kicked
Autoren sollten mit den Formen von 'to be' vertraut sein, damit sie das Passiv in ihren Werken leicht erkennen können.
Überprüfen Sie die Formen von 'to be': am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Beachten Sie die Formen von 'to be' in den Beispielen des Verbs 'to kick' in verschiedenen Passivformen:
is kicked – Present Simple
was kicked– Past Simple
is being kicked– Present Continuous
will be kicked – Future Simple
has been kicked– Present Perfect
can be kicked / should be kicked – Modals
is going to be kicked – Future –'going to'
was being kicked– Past Simple
had been kicked – Past Perfect
Das Passiv wird nicht im Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous oder Future Continuous verwendet, aus Gründen des Stils.
Wir können das Passiv in allen anderen Zeitformen und in anderen Verbformen verwenden.
Passivsätze enthalten häufig eine 'by'-Phrase, die angibt, wer oder was die Handlung ausgeführt hat. Passivsätze können leicht in Aktivsätze umgewandelt werden, wenn das Objekt der Präposition 'by' in die Subjektposition im Satz verschoben wird.
Passiv: The cookies were eaten by the children.
Aktiv: The children ate the cookies.
Passiv: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.
Aktiv: The gophers dug the tunnels.
Wahl zwischen Aktivvoice und Passivvoice beim Schreiben
Normalerweise nutzt effektives Schreiben die Aktivform und meidet das Passiv. Dennoch gibt es Situationen, die in der Aktivform unbeholfen oder unangemessen sind. Sicherlich erfordern diese Situationen das Passiv.
Gründe für die Verwendung des Passivs:
1 Der Agent (Handelnde) ist unwichtig.
• The pyramids were built thousands of years ago.
2 Der Agent ist unbekannt.
• Several robberies were committed during the night.
3 Der Agent ist allgemeines Wissen, und eine Erwähnung wäre redundant.
• George Bush was elected in 2000.
4 Der Autor möchte den Fokus des Satzes kontrollieren.
1) um die Rolle des Agenten in der Handlung zu entschärfen
The alarm was triggered by my son. [Die Passivkonstruktion lenkt den Fokus weg von der Verantwortung des Sohnes.]
2) um die Partei hervorzuheben, die die Handlung empfängt
Jack was kicked by Jill.
Das PASSIV wird in der Geschäftskommunikation häufig verwendet, da es die Situation
weniger persönlich und formaler macht.
z.B. I will pay the invoice today (aktiv).
The invoice will be paid today (passiv)
Es wird auch verwendet, wenn eine Handlung wichtiger ist als der Agent, zum Beispiel
bei der Berichterstattung von Nachrichten. The demand for energy drinks has increased by 20%
Wir können den Agent auch betonen, indem wir 'by' am Ende des Satzes verwenden
Z.B. The energy drink market is dominated by Red Bull
Gründe für die Verwendung der Aktivform:
Die Aktivform ist kürzer und direkter.
• Vergleich.
Aktiv: The waiter dropped the tray of food.
Passiv: The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.
Die Aktivform ist weniger unbeholfen und gibt die Beziehung zwischen Subjekt und Handlung klar an.
• Vergleich.
Passiv: Your request for funding has been denied by the review committee.
Aktiv: The review committee denied your request for funding.
Das Aktivformenmuster treibt den Leser durch Ihr Schreiben voran und vermeidet schwache Prosa.
Anleitung: Wandeln Sie die folgenden Sätze in das Passiv um.
Children cannot open these bottles easily.
The government built a road right outside her front door.
Mr. Ross broke the antique vase as he walked through the store.
When she arrived, the changes amazed her.
The construction workers are making street repairs all month long.
The party will celebrate his retirement.
His professors were discussing his oral exam right in front of him.
My son ate all the homemade cookies.
Corrosion had damaged the hull of the ship.
Some children were visiting the old homestead while I was there.
Wandeln Sie die folgenden Sätze in die Aktivform um.
The statue is being visited by hundreds of tourists every year.
My books were stolen by someone yesterday.
These books had been left in the classroom by a careless student.
Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by plantation workers.
The house had been broken into by someone while the owners were on vacation.
A woman was being carried downstairs by a very strong firefighter.
The streets around the fire had been blocked off by the police.
Have you seen the new movie that was directed by Ron Howard?
My car is in the garage being fixed by a dubious mechanic.
A great deal of our oil will have been exported to other countries by our government.
7. They performed 'Hamlet' at the Palladium.
8. Someone took him to hospital.
9. Nobody has used this room for years.
10. Can you do it by next Tuesday?
11.Where did they take John?
12. When will they sign the contract?
13. They found the lock broken.
14. We heard nothing about it for years.
15. Someone warned him not to swim.
16. They will employ about a hundred people.
17. Some students are going to paint the walls.
18. They have drawn up the plans of the house.
19. They spent all their money on a scruffy car.
20. They will send for a doctor.
34. What do they call this place?
22. How can we avoid such an accident?
23. Has anybody solved the problem?
24. Where are they building the new factory?
25. When did he take this photograph?
26. Someone left a note on the desk.
27. They didn't send the telegramme.
28. Someone was repairing your car this morning.
29. Where did they see him for the last time?
Verwandeln Sie Folgendes in das Passiv, wie in den Beispielen.
People say that this house is haunted. This house is said to be haunted.
They found that the machine was in order. It was found that the machine was in order.
1. People know Myconos as a holiday resort.
2. People generally assume that money brings happiness.
3. People believe that he is not guilty.
4. Newspapers report that someone has tried to kill her.
5.People will assume that someone helped me to escape.
6 Someone has pointed out how important the matter is.
7. Some officers suggested that the enemy plane should be shot down.
8.Еveryone believed that the war would end soon.
9. Nobody knew that there was oil in the area.
10. Everyone hopes that she will recover soon.
11 Someone has reported that the peace talks in Geneva have been broken off.
12. People feel that there should be a new law about terrorism.
Schreiben Sie diese Sätze um und verwenden Sie die Aktivform.
a. The sugar water was relished by the hummingbirds.
____________________________________________________________________
b. Jogging is done by many people for exercise.
____________________________________________________________________
c. A standing ovation was given to the guitar player.
____________________________________________________________________
d. The syllabus was handed out by the professor.
Have /Get something done
To have sth done wird verwendet, um auszudrücken, dass eine Tätigkeit ist, war oder sein wird durch ein unbekanntes/bekanntes Subjekt ausgeführt wird (oft Dienstleistungen). Betrachten Sie diese Beispiele:
I must have my eyes tested.
I had a picture of myself painted.
I had my wallet stolen yesterday.
Beachten Sie die Partizip-Perfekt-Form des Verbs (tested, stolen, usw.).
Die Bedeutung ist genau gleich, wenn 'get' als Hilfswort verwendet wird, aber die Version mit 'got' klingt umgangssprachlicher; 'had' etwas formeller.
3. Don't forget to tell them to tune the piano.
4. Have you told him to take your photograph?
5. She told the police to search the house for a bomb.
6. I'll ask him to take my measurements.
7. We're going to ask them to put up a new aerial.
8. She is asking someone to carry the luggage for her.
9. It's no good asking them to repair the damage.
10. Someone picked Julia's pocket a minute ago.
11. Somebody set their house on fire.
12. Somebody stole her jewellery.