Урок №46: Third Conditional – Нереални ситуации в миналото

За урока

В този урок ще научиш как да строиш Third Conditional изречения с формулата „If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle". Ще разбереш, че този тип изречения описват хипотетични минали събития – ситуации, напълно различни от това, което реално се е случило. Чрез текстове за приключение на плажа и за необичайния уикенд на Дона ще практикуваш структурата в контекст. Ще упражниш и употребата на „be able to" вместо „can/could" при перфектния инфинитив, и ще се запознаеш с идеята за Mixed Conditional.

40 минути

Какво ще научите

• Да строиш правилно Third Conditional изречения с 'If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle'
• Да разбираш, че Third Conditional изразява хипотетични минали ситуации, различни от действителността
• Да използваш 'be able to' вместо 'could' при перфектния инфинитив в Third Conditional
• Да трансформираш реални минали ситуации в Third Conditional изречения
• Да разпознаваш Mixed Conditional, когато условието е в миналото, а резултатът е в настоящето

Лексика от урока

• tide — прилив / морска вълна при прилив The children suddenly realized that the tide was coming in.
• explore — изследвам, откривам The children had asked their parents to let them explore the nearby bay.
• manage to — успявам да Peter managed to swim back and raised the alarm.
• raise the alarm — вдигам тревога If Peter hadn't managed to swim back, he wouldn't have raised the alarm.
• exhausted — изтощен, много уморен If Dona hadn't been so busy in her work, she wouldn't have been exhausted.
• purse — портмоне She couldn't go shopping because she had left her purse at home.
• traffic jam — задръстване There were terrible traffic jams, and she was late for the concert.
• arrange — уговарям, планирам She was late for the concert they had arranged to go to.
• mild — мек, нежен She heard his mild voice and fell in love.
• love at first sight — любов от пръв поглед She saw his handsome face and fell in love. It was love at first sight!
• weather forecast — прогноза за времето If I had heard the weather forecast, I wouldn't have gone out.
• avoid — избягвам If the children had noticed the time, they would have avoided the tide.
• fail to — не успявам да, пропускам да The children failed to notice the time passing.
• be able to — мога, способен съм да If the water hadn't been so deep, they would have been able to go back to their parents.
• stranger — непознат човек A stranger stopped her to ask the time.

Граматика в урока

Структура на Third Conditional

Формулата е: 'If + Past Perfect (had + past participle), would have + past participle'. Клаузата с 'if' въвежда условието, а главното изречение дава резултата. Двете клаузи могат да сменят местата си.

• If I had taken my umbrella, I wouldn't have got wet.
• If I had heard the weather forecast, I wouldn't have gone out.
• If the children had noticed the time, they would have avoided the tide.

Запомни: в клаузата с 'if' – Past Perfect; в клаузата-резултат – 'would have + past participle'.

Third Conditional изразява нереална минала ситуация

Използваме Third Conditional, за да опишем ситуация в миналото, напълно различна от това, което реално се е случило. Много често изречението изразява съжаление.

• If I hadn't gone out, I wouldn't have finished my work. (But I went out and I didn't finish my work.)
• If Dona hadn't been so busy in her work, she wouldn't have been exhausted. (But she was busy and she was exhausted.)

Когато чуеш Third Conditional, питай се: 'Какво реално се случи?' – отговорът е обратното на казаното в изречението.

'Be able to' вместо 'can/could' в перфектни форми

'Can' и 'could' са модални глаголи без инфинитив и без перфектни форми. За да изразим 'мога' в Third Conditional, използваме 'would have been able to'.

• If the water hadn't been so deep, they would have been able to go back to their parents.
• If her phone battery hadn't been low, she would have been able to ring her friend.
• If Peter hadn't been able to swim, nobody would have heard about the drowning children.

Правило: I can → I could → I have been able to → I had been able to → I would have been able to.

Отрицателни форми: hadn't и wouldn't have

В отрицателните Third Conditional изречения използваме 'hadn't + past participle' в клаузата с 'if' и 'wouldn't have + past participle' в клаузата-резултат.

• If the children hadn't asked their parents, they wouldn't have let them go to the bay.
• If Peter hadn't managed to swim back, he wouldn't have raised the alarm.
• If the parents hadn't managed to find a boat, they wouldn't have saved the children.

Внимавай: 'hadn't' = 'had not'; 'wouldn't have' = 'would not have'.

Mixed Conditional: минало условие, настоящ резултат

Когато условието се отнася към миналото, но резултатът е актуален сега, смесваме Third Conditional ('if + Past Perfect') с Second Conditional ('would + bare infinitive') в клаузата-резултат.

• If I had studied harder at school, I would have a better job now.
• It wouldn't have happened if I had known. (Но аз все още не знам истината.)

Mixed Conditional = 'If + had done' (минало) + 'would do/be' (сега). Резултатът не е 'would have done', а 'would do/be'.

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